الذات والفعل وعلاقتهما بالاتصال عند"جورج هربرت ميد"

Abstract

Abstract

René Descartes is regarded as a prominent French philosopher and natural scientist who made significant contributions to philosophy, mathematics, physics, analytical geometry, and physiology. He is considered one of the founders of modern analytical geometry. Descartes received his education at the Jesuit college in La Flèche, France. Although he traveled extensively, he eventually settled in the Netherlands. His philosophical worldview was deeply connected to his mathematical and cosmological perspectives, earning him the title "Father of Modern Philosophy" in the 17th century.

Descartes’ philosophical methodology is based on the direct certainty of self-awareness and the innate ideas he adopted—such as the existence of God, the tangible material substance, and the intangible spiritual substance. While he acknowledged that his method was not entirely new, he emphasized its innovation in terms of approach and purpose.

Rejecting the experimental methods favored by many of his contemporaries, Descartes relied on rational certainty and applied methodological doubt as a foundation for the possibility of knowledge. He argued that knowledge should be rebuilt on rational and innate principles. For Descartes, truth is not derived from the senses, but from what is intellectually self-evident and beyond doubt.

Despite facing strong criticism from philosophers of his era, who accused him of recycling old ideas under the guise of modernity, Descartes defended his philosophy with scientific reasoning and rigorous justification aimed at uncovering truth.